Jean-Paul Sartre Essay

As we grow and become an adult that is able to form our own opinion is almost like a rite of passage because reading over the six steps almost seems like I have been a part of each step at some point in my life. When I was growing up I think relating to Stage 1: The Punishment and Obedience Orientation was definitely part of my life. Of course we don’t want to get in trouble as kids so generally we recognize that the authority will provide a severe enough punishment that will stop us from doing whatever we did again. I put myself at Stage 4: The â€Å"Law and Order† Orientation. Before I returned to college I wanted to join the San Antonio Police Department and I almost made it. I was excused from the application process at the third stage of the process because of 1 question. I have been in favor of law enforcement for probably 10+ years. I also believe my military past supports the argument of placing me at this stage. I also believe Stage 4: The â€Å"Law and Order† Orientation best describes me because it is essentially how I have lived my life the previous 10+ years. From joining the military to trying out for the SAPD I recognize there are procedures and guidelines established to keep the world and our country a safe place to live. Of course there are people that try the law and want to stretch it to the brink and this goes both for criminals and politicians that use laws and loopholes for personal gain. Providing support for my decision is simple. I have a tendency to instantly report or confront someone that is breaking or stretching the law. I have confronted three people living at my townhome complex about dogs being off of leashes while being outside. It is against complex policy and I have reported all three individuals simply because I feel like this is my neighborhood and when kids are outside playing I will always assume a dog is aggressive because terrible things do happen. I have a german shepherd that is never off the leash unless inside the dog park fence. Cleaning up after the animal is also our responsibility because diseases can be spread through an animal’s waste. That is also something I have confronted tenants about and reported them for. Krishna’s advice is all about standing by your upbringing. I take it to mean that you must always follow your path regardless of the outcome or consequences. Therefore, Arjuna is a warrior at war, because of this he must always fight when directed to fight regardless of the consequences. I’m not completely sure how you compare or relate Krishna’s advice to care ethics because to me care ethics is not shown even in the slightest by Krishna. For me to say I would definitely fight the war would be wrong. For me to say that I would definitely withdraw would be wrong. Frankly, I have no clue how I would act or what I would do on the battlefield. I have been deployed and stationed in warzones but I had no relations or ties to the people we are at war with. Arjuna has friends and family standing on the same battlefield that may die during this conflict. This is not a factor I had to consider when being deployed. So, for me to say that I would fight or would not fight is not an answer I can straight up provide because I have never and will probably never be faced with that situation. Ethically, I don’t think I gave an answer that can be analyzed like it should be. I think that providing a run around answer may be a slight display of selfishness. I say that because I don’t know how to answer a question that involves going to war with family. I can say that if family is not included on the opposing side I would do what my country asked of me and go fight. In order to give a definite response to whether I could fight against family and friends I would have to be put in that situation. There are also consequences to not fighting when your country requests that you go to war. So, the consequences would also be going through my mind at judgment time. A virtue can be argued that the virtue is that person. For example I hold a virtue of cleanliness and honestly something that is out of place or something that is an eye sore will irritate me to the point of fixing the mess. Almost every day at work I notice something out of place such as a wrapper on the floor or stain on someone’s desk. These examples bother me to the point of needing to resolve the problem. I believe a virtue can guide a person through their day-to-day life just like possessing morals. A strongly valued virtue is just as evident as someone with strong morals. Morals just like virtues can be practiced every day. However, we must practice virtuous acts regularly. After a while, these acts will become a habit and so the virtuous acts part of our everyday life and the person will be leading a life guided by his virtues. People who practice their virtues improve their skills and therefore become happier. According to Aristotle the person who struggles to acquire virtues is in the long run a better person and is much happier because of the extra hard work it took to acquire the virtue. By continuously practicing your respective virtues people will soon be acting in the right way based on the virtue the person is trying to master. I do not believe people are exclusively good or bad, but become good or bad according to their habits they develop throughout their lives. When a person learns how to use the virtues they become the characteristic of the person. A person who has learnt the virtue of generosity is often called a generous person because he or she acts in a manner that displays generosity in all situations. People are more likely to acquire virtues by observing others in our society. If we experience other people being kind to us and see the happiness it creates we are more likely to practice this virtue then if we were just told to practice it. Programs like Big Brothers Big Sisters help influence the younger generations so that they follow in the correct footsteps. Our virtues guide us to be the person we are and the person we ultimately want to be. Being virtuous can alter for the good, and the bad, a moral problem we may face throughout our lives. John Calvin’s work focused on individuals and how the individual could do nothing to ensure their own salvation. John Calvin’s line of thinking more closely relates to determinism. John relates to determinism because his theory is all about people not being able to freely guide their own salvation. Isaac Newton focused on nature and that the entire universe is governed by natural laws and because of this there is no freedom. Isaac Newton’s line of thinking more closely relates to determinism. If the universe is governed by natural laws then the ability to be free cannot exist. Also the fact that human beings are physical in nature makes people susceptible to natural law and therefore freedom is an illusion. Charles Darwin was a big believer in evolution and that everything evolves at different stages and only the fittest survive. Charles Darwin’s line of thinking more closely relates to determinism. I believe determinism is present because nature causes the evolution based on defined parameters. This theory provokes survival which is triggered by something else such as a weakness that evolution fixes. Karl Marx believed more about social character and how our actions are determined based on the economy and socially determined. Karl Marx’s line of thinking more closely relates to determinism. This theory identifies a cause such as economic struggle being the reason for a person’s situation. Everything is based on social classes and your class is determined at birth. Sigmund Freud explains that people are determined, even the unborn because of our unconscious minds. Sigmund Freud’s line of thinking more closely relates to determinism. I say determinism because a life is extremely influenced by their parents so the ability to freely make choices does not exist. A choice is more often the result of someone else’s influence. Lastly, Jean Paul Sartre to me is more of a realist because he discusses that people are born in to a situation and sometimes are unable to help their situation and social status. However, Jean Paul Sartre also believes people have a capacity to alter how they live. Jean Paul Sartre’s line of thinking more closely relates to freedom. After reading all these theories, I feel like Jean Paul Sartre’s theory is really the only theory that allows freedom of choices. Human beings from birth are placed in a class, but based on this theory all people have the ability to change their class or status. I believe justice is hard to pin-point because justice can be displayed in both ethically and unethically. Reliving an assignment I completed earlier talked about torture and whether or not I thought it was justified. I believe torture can stand on the same line as justice. However, I can also understand the opposite side saying torture is unethical no matter what form or fashion it is conducted. The elements of justice are open to interpretation and the consequence of justice is arguable. When implementing a form of justice there are always consequences to those actions. In order to fully understand the justice form you need to identify all angles of the decision. This is where the decision making becomes tricky because most people like to make a decision and run with it. However, you should always take a step back and weigh every possible decision and its outcome before implementing a decision. To better understand how a consequentialist works I will provide an example. For instance, if John Doe thought to himself one day that he was going to rob a bank he would most likely make a plan. First, John would try to decide if robbing the bank would even be worth it. Then John would scrutinize every aspect of the plan to ensure the best possible positive outcome. John would also attempt to predict the consequences of robbing the bank and failing because a consequentialist brings everything in to consideration. It is easy to identify the differences of right and wrong because everyone innately knows what is right and what is wrong. All human beings also have the ability to identify the consequence to our actions. Unfortunately people most generally act without thinking and therefore find themselves sitting on the wrong side of the law. This is when people find out how justice actually works.

Projective Techniques Essay

Such tests are based loosely on the psychoanalytic concept of projection, the assumption being that respondents project unconscious aspects of their personalities on to the test items and reveal them in their responses †¦ The website of the Association of Qualitative Practitioners (AQR 2004) defines projective techniques as follows: A wide range of tasks and games in which respondents can be asked to participate during an interview or group, designed to facilitate, extend or enhance the nature of the discussion. Some are known as ‘projective’ techniques, being loosely based on approaches originally taken in a psychotherapeutic setting. These rely on the idea that someone will ‘project’ their own (perhaps unacceptable or shameful) feelings or beliefs onto an imaginary other person or situation †¦ Projective techniques may be used in qualitative as well as quantitative studies (Levy 1994) and they are useful (Boddy 2004b) in both. 240 International Journal of Market Research Vol. 47 Issue 3 Projective techniques are commonly used in qualitative market research (Gordon & Langmaid 1990) where the aim of the techniques is to facilitate the gaining of a deeper understanding of the area being researched. In discussing projective techniques they distance the use of projective techniques in qualitative market research from that of psychoanalytical practice, and suggest a more pedestrian and pragmatic definition: Projection [is] the tendency to imbue objects or events with characteristics or meanings which are derived from our subconscious desires, wishes or feelings. Dichter (1964) defined projection as meaning ‘to project subjective ideas and contents onto an object’, and said that one person could ascribe their own problems or difficulties to someone else. He described these techniques as being widely used in psychological work (Dichter 1960) and said that they are a non-directive interview technique where the respondent can project himself onto another and thus reveal some of the respondent’s own thoughts, feelings and fears. Projective vis-a-vis enabling techniques The market researchers Chandler and Owen (2002) define projective and enabling techniques quite succinctly and in a way with which most qualitative market research practitioners (Gordon & Langmaid 1990; Goodyear 1998) would probably agree. This differentiation is useful to make at the beginning of this paper as the techniques are often used interchangeably and the distinction between them may have become blurred in the minds of some qualitative market researchers. Classically, the idea of a projective technique relates to a device that allows the individual research participant to articulate repressed or otherwise withheld feelings by projecting these onto another character. The idea of enabling techniques relates to a device which allows the individual research participant to find a means of expressing feelings, thoughts and so on which they find hard to articulate. Enabling techniques are held to be the simpler (Will, Eadie & MacAskill 1996) of the two techniques as they just help people to talk about themselves. Will et al. ake the useful distinguishing point that while all projective techniques may be enabling, not all enabling techniques involve projection. Other researchers (Lysaker & Bradley 1957) make the point that even pictorial devices, which do not function as projective techniques 241 Projective techniques in market research (i. e. devices researchers would nowadays refer to as enabling techniques), may still have utility in gener ating responses. Gordon and Langmaid (1990) state that the use of projective as opposed to enabling techniques is a false distinction in market research as the aim of both techniques is to facilitate deeper understanding. However, they do go on to say that in enabling techniques people are asked to do something that itself has no interpretive value (and so doesn’t itself need to be interpreted). In terms of analysis there is a distinction because with enabling techniques the research participants are talking as themselves (that is not to say that this speech should always be taken at face value), whereas with projective techniques the research participants are talking as someone else and the researcher makes the interpretative assumption that they are talking as themselves. This agreement over the definition of projective techniques is about as far as most research textbooks get on the subject. How they are subsequently used is little discussed and how they are then analysed is hardly explicitly touched on at all (Levy 1994; Catterall 1998), which is a situation that has hardly changed from ten or more years ago. This paper aims to look at current reports of how projective techniques are analysed and what support for their reliability and validity exists, and aims to stimulate debate in this area of market research so that a better and more accessible understanding of the subject can be offered to those entering research as potential practitioners, to interested clients, and to researchers who are more used to a quantitative or direct questioning approach. The origins of projective techniques Projective techniques were employed in market research from the 1940s (Catterall & Ibbotson 2000) to encourage research participants to express feelings and attitudes that might otherwise be withheld due to embarrassment or fear if more direct questioning methods were used. Market research originally borrowed (Robson 2000; Boddy 2004a) projective techniques from psychoanalysis and clinical psychology where they are still used (Richman 1996) to gain insights into personality and personality disorders. Projection, as a concept, originated from Freud’s work on paranoia (Lilienfeld, Wood & Garb 2000), where he conceptualised projection as a defence mechanism by which people unconsciously attribute their own negative personality traits to others. Lilienfeld et al. say that Freud’s work 242 International Journal of Market Research Vol. 47 Issue 3 was subsequently developed by psychoanalysts and clinical psychologists. This development was based on the hypothesis that ‘research participants project aspects of their personalities in the process of disambiguating unstructured test stimuli’, and several different techniques were developed such as the well-known Rorschach technique, or ‘ink-blot test’, where subjects are assumed to project aspects of their personality onto the ambiguous features of a set of inkblots. Projective techniques in market research A commonly used completion technique (Gordon & Langmaid 1990; Will et al. 1996) in qualitative market research is ‘bubble drawing’. This is a device based on a technique called the Thematic Apperception Test where, according to Tucker-Ladd (2001), clinical psychologists use a series of standard pictures and ask subjects to make up stories about them. TuckerLadd says that what people see in the pictures says something about themselves and thus reveals their personality. Projective techniques can be used in a variety of market research situations as well as in social and educational research (Catterall & Ibbotson 2000), and these do not have to be aiming at uncovering aspects of personality of any great depth. For example, a bubble drawing was used (Boddy 2004a) by one researcher to uncover students’ underlying attitudes towards the delivery of a lecture on marketing research rather than to uncover any deeper aspects of their own personalities. Projective and enabling techniques are thus useful when research participants have difficulty expressing opinions or feelings and researchers need some way of accessing these from the participants’ minds (Gordon & Langmaid 1990; Kay 2001).

Philosophy Study Questions

PHI 101C HW6 10/18/2012 Qiansongzi Chen 1. How might the constructive nature of your perceptions play a role in what you experience while you’re walking at night through a graveyard said to be visited by spirits of the dead? Constructive perception is in part something that our minds manufacture. Thus what we perceive is determined, not only by what our eyes and ears and other senses detect, but also by what we know, what we expect, what we believe, and what our physiological state is.Just because something seems or feels real doesn’t mean that it is real. 2. What are some of the factors that could influence the accuracy of your memory of an event that happened three years ago? Our memories are also constructive and easily influenced by all sorts of factors: stress, expectation, belief, and the introduction of new information. Added to all this is the selectivity of memory. We selectively remember certain things and ignore others, setting up a recall bias. No wonder the recall of eyewitness is often unreliable. 3.Let’s say that an incredible coincidence occurs in your life, and your friend argues that the odds against the occurrences are so astronomical that the only explanation must be a paranormal one. What is wrong with this argument? Just because something seems not so realistic, doesn’t mean it can only be explained by paranormal reasons. It’s an example of the appeal to ignorance. Just because you can’t show that the supernatural or paranormal explanation is false doesn’t mean that it is true. Unfortunately, although this reasoning is logically fallacious, it is psychologically compelling. 4.How is it possible for the prophecies of Nostradamus to appear to be highly accurate and yet not be? Prophecies of Nostradamus can be highly accurate when they predict very general and broad things, when they predict a specific thing, it usually fails to be accurate. Also, people tent to only notice the things prophecie s predict and turn out to be true, and ignore the things turn out to be false. 5. What is the principle that explains how much trust we should put in personal experience as reliable evidence? It’s reasonable to accept personal experience as reliable evidence only if there’s no reason to doubt its reliability.Personal experience alone generally cannot establish the effectiveness of a treatment beyond a reasonable doubt. 6. What is confirmation bias? How does it affect our thinking? Not only do we have a tendency to ignore and misinterpret evidence that conflicts with our own views; we also have tendency to look for and recognize only evidence that confirms them. We tend to look for confirming rather than disconfirming evidence, even though the latter can often be far more revealing. 7. What is the availability error? How does it affect our thinking?The availability error occurs when people base their judgments on evidence that’s vivid or memorable instead of reli able or trustworthy. 8. How do confirmation bias and the availability error lead to superstitious beliefs? The availability error not only leads us to ignore the relevant evidence, it also leads us to ignore relevant hypotheses. For any set of data, it is, in principle, possible to construct any number of different hypotheses to account for the data. In practice, however, it is often difficult to come up with many different hypotheses.As a result, we often end up choosing among only those hypotheses that come to mind, that are available. In the case of unusual phenomena, the only explanations that come to mind are often supernatural or paranormal ones. Many people take the inability to come up with a natural or normal explanation for something as proof that it is supernatural or paranormal. â€Å"How else can you explain it? † they often ask. 9. What is the argument from unnecessary restrictions? How can it be used to undercut supernatural or paranormal claims?Unnecessary res triction also called unwarranted design, because the phenomena observed are more limited or restricted than one would expect if the hypothesis were true. To be acceptable, a hypothesis must fit the data: this means not only that the hypothesis must explain tha data, but also that the data explained must be consistent with what the hypothesis predicts. If the hypothesis makes predictions that are not borne out by the data, there is reason to doubt the hypothesis. 10. What is the representativeness heuristic? How does it affect our thinking?We sometimes led astray by the representative heuristic, the rule of thumb that like goes with like. And we are generally poor judges of probabilities and randomness, which leads us to erroneously believe that an event could not possibly be a mere coincidence. 11. Why can’t personal experience alone establish the effectiveness of a treatment? Case studies alone generally cannot establish the effectiveness of a treatment beyond a reasonable d oubt. The reality is that personal experience alone generally cannot establish the effectiveness of a treatment beyond a reasonable doubt, but controlled scientific studies. 2. What is the placebo effect? A peculiar fact about people is that sometimes even if they are given a treatment that’s inactive or bogus, they’ll respond with an improvement in the way they feel. This response , called the placebo effect, is not all in the mind, it can involve both psychological and physiological changes. What exactly is behind this effect isn’t clear, but many experts say it depends on suggestibility, operant conditioning (previous experience with healing act), expectation, and other factors.

Should the U.S. take action to halt North Korea's nuclear weapons Research Paper

Should the U.S. take action to halt North Korea's nuclear weapons program - Research Paper Example 4. The radiation released from attacks against nuclear weapons facilities could kill thousands and be deadly for years to come. 5. The North Korea will become part of the community of nations. Cons: No the U.S should not take action to halt the South Koreas Nuclear Program because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. It will leave the smaller countries such as North Korea defenseless since it is the world’s only superpower. 2. Failure in reconciliation between the two Koreas 3. The U.S.A will end up being seen as a weak nation: running away from a challenge. 4. It could worsen the existing humanitarian situation in South Korea. 5. This will trigger vulnerability causing the other nations to develop their own nuclear weapons program. It is thought that if the USA takes action to halt the nuclear weapons program then there will be a reduced probability that those weapons of destruction will be sold to terrorists. This is because the developers will choose to sell them to the highest bidder s who may as well be terrorists.i This will only be increasing the chances of attacks and generating more insecurity. Again since it is clear that the North has the full capability of developing their own destructives, the USA is posing as destruction and if the USA falls out of place then they will remain at will liberty to develop as much mechanism as possible. As the United States takes action to halt this program it has in consideration the security of their citizens. In coming into the process it is trying to enhance and offer its citizens with the protection with which it is charged. If it calls off its efforts then the country’s security will remain at stake and become more vulnerable. The efforts also help to control the amounts of radiations released in the process. The radiations are extremely harmful and can lead to deaths of many.ii Once the USA halts its efforts then the relationship between the two states will forever remain uncertain and the North Korea will lo se its chance of becoming a part of the community of nations. This can only be achieved through negotiations of six parties which have time and again been held. Through this joint party the USA can be able to lead the others in disabling the Process The United States of America is the only form of super power. Its main responsibility is to intervene whenever any state is exposed to threats. Back from the time of cold war to the current war against terrorism intervention has proved to be Americans Foreign Policy. The state has the responsibility of preserving the liberty of others, protecting virtual national interests and ensuring consistent international stability. The prevalence can be backed by the case of America intervening in the NATO-lead-peace keeping mission in Bosnia. If the United States fails to protect the inferior states then it will leave them in a distress and helplessness. Although for sometimes the South Korea perceived the USA to be an obstacle in attaining the re conciliation between the two Koreas, this has however changed with time. The USA is willing to give support to the South in any way, from the transition to democratic politics that is aimed at bringing remarkable changes.iii The States has great influence on the South and this has leaded them to drop the previous assumptions of it being a liability. The North Korea seems to have a very big failure, when it comes to the aspect of policies it uses. It becomes even more mixed up with the

Discuss the relationship between the different European institutions Essay

Discuss the relationship between the different European institutions. How have they evolved over time - Essay Example At that point of time there were six participating nations and the European Parliament which was founded as the Common Assembly was only consultative, not an elected one. When the first election was held in 1979, the Parliament gained more and more power followed by several treaties and so did the Commission. At this juncture there was a prominent shift of power from the Council to the Parliament and the Commission was actually managing a balance through the mediation between these two bodies (the Council and the Parliament). The Commission was becoming more and more accountable to the Parliament. The Parliament was becoming so strong that it forced a resignation of Jacques Santer the head of European Commission in 1999. The parliament also formed a reorientation of the Barroso Commission (Jose Manuel Barroso). The Council, the Parliament and The Commission, these three institutions can be regarded as the political institutions of the European Union. The Council represents the governments; the Parliament stands for the citizens and the Commission looks after the European interests. When the Council, the Parliament or any other institutions place a request to the commission then the commission prepares a draft of that request and presents it to the parliament for their approval. In most of the cases both the parliament and the council forward their assent to that proposal. After it gets approved from both the houses (Parliament and Council), then it no more remains a proposal rather transforms into a law. So, as a whole the Commission looks after the daily business of the Union, makes sure of the implementation of the formed law and if some one fails to comply with that law the Commission takes it to the court. The legislative and the budgetary powers of the Union is shared by the Parliament and the Council. The members of the Parliament elect the Presedent or the Speaker

Healthcare Management - Organizational Behavior Essay

Healthcare Management - Organizational Behavior - Essay Example Essentially, this culture reveals the shared beliefs, values, and assumptions that work together to as a social fabric that binds the members of the organization together (Buchbinder and Shanks, 2012). Whereas each organization has its own culture, it is sometimes difficult to establish or reinforce it. A strong culture comprises informal rules that spell out the general behavior of people of an organization. On the other hand, employees in an organization with a shaky culture waste a lot of time trying to figure out how they should act in different scenarios (Frost, 1985). Factors that influence and shape organizational behavior The establishment of organizational culture is a combination of several factors. However, before the culture becomes clearly cut out, the role of effective management team cannot be downplayed. While most managers do not dispute the role that a culture plays in satisfying employees, very few of them fail to note the direct influence that they have in shaping the culture. From the numerous factors that influence organizational culture, the main ones are discussed below. The working group: the work force in most organizations is a combination of several networks of formally created work groups. The variables that influence the formation of these work groups include personalities (i.e. training and experience) and situational variables (i.e. availability of space and the task to done). The nature of the group and the number of members constituting it affect the manner in which the culture of an organization is perceived. This is because each of the members in these groups brings their own attitudes, behaviors and convictions whose interactions result in the formation of organizational culture (Dugger, 1991). The second factor influencing organizational culture is the style of leadership of the managers. Organizations that have created a ‘distant’ barrier between managers and the subordinates often create a negative impact on the culture. On the other hand, the trust in a manager often influences positively the affective commitment of working groups. It is worth noting that managers influence greatly the formation of organizational culture and this influence is directly proportional to the hierarchical level (Frost, 1985). The organizational characteristic is the other factor that influences the formation as well as the type of a culture in an organization. These characteristics include the attributes and the degree of complexity of the organization. For instance, there exists a directly proportional relationship between the complexity of organizational culture and the size of the company. In addition, bigger organizations have a tendency towards high degree of specialization as well as impersonal character. Unlike in bigger organizations where the overall culture is shaped by sub-cultures, the cultures of small companies are normally homogenous (Dugger, 1991). In addition, the founders or owners of an o rganization play an integral role in influencing the nature of the culture developed by an organization. In most scenarios, it is the founders who create the philosophy of the company as well as stipulate the fundamental values to be upheld. The owners of the company can impress their influence on the culture developed from a multiple dimensions which include the type of the owner (i.e. natural or juridical persons) or the number of owners.

Supply Chain of Oil Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Supply Chain of Oil Industry - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the strongest supply chain has been in the past been denoted as indispensable in determining the success of a business or any other undertaking. The defeat of the British army by the American counterparts was linked to the power supplies of weapons and troops to the American side. In the oil industry, a supply chain is considered critical in that it determines the effectiveness of the industry right from transportation to consumption of the oil-related products. Cox argued that supply chain is a wider concept that should be viewed as a complex management that determines competitive advantage of any given organization. Supply chain creates a single plan that denotes the flow of products in a business. The coordination of different actors uses a defined framework designed to achieve the specific goal of linking suppliers to customers and the organization involved in the supply chain management. A well-managed supply chain helps in reducing costs and adding v alue to customers. Stadtler & Kilger pointed out that effective supply chain is used as a major source of competitive advantage. To remain at the top of the competition, customer preferences have to be put into consideration as well as articulate on what the competitors offer so that a better supply chain can be devised. The ability of organizations to differentiate themselves from others is dependent on the competence of their managers to focus on customers and competitors and manage to operate at a lower cost. In fact, Cox argued that successful companies have either cost advantage or have value advantage or even a combination of the two. In this regard, it is indispensable to argue that a well-managed supply chain should be able to have either of the two concepts or a combination of the two. In the oil industry, the prices of crude oil and natural gas are perhaps the closely watched product prices across the global market. The supply chain involved in the oil industry is, however , controlled by the main actor, who in this case is the government. Although many landlords and communities might be the owners of the land where oil is located, the government is the custodian of the oil. This changes the whole supply chain management since the government controls the oil prices.

Study case questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Study case questions - Assignment Example The right to a jury trial in the declaratory judgment is only available to legal titles. However, the issue of copyrights in this case falls under equitable titles. Q.3: In the lawsuit of the "Blurred Lines", California Courts have both personal and subject matter jurisdiction. Firstly, both the complainant and defendant reside and operate businesses in California the court; therefore, the court has powers over the two parties. In addition, the court has jurisdiction over the claim since the petitioner applied for a declaration under the copyright Act. Q.3: At the beginning of the counterclaim, the parties had sought for a jury trial. Jury trial at that juncture was appropriate to clear the contested facts, saving the cost of going into a full trial. Q4: If I were the Gayes, I would request the defendant to supply the written lyrics that were done in the initial stages of compiling the song ahead of the recording. I would also ask for the names of some of the people who were close to the defendant during the period within which the song was compiled. Such witness would give account of how often the defendant accessed the copyrighted song in question. Lastly, I would request for a witness from the recording studio where the defendants did their recording. Q.4: In early January, 204, Sony (EM) and the Gayes entered into a negotiation ADR yet again. This time, however, the two reached a settlement and resolved their participation in the case. Parties are allowed to enter into ADR while the case is ongoing because it is in the courts and every partys best interest that the case is resolved amicably without undue waste of time and resources. Q.5: In my opinion, the attorney had Thicke admit that he reviewed his answers to the interrogatories to add weight to Thicke’s deposition. He can use the reviewed statement to develop his case while discrediting Thicke’s

Policy making in carbon capture and storage Essay

Policy making in carbon capture and storage - Essay Example CCS is very attractive because it has the capabilities of enabling the biggest global economies to utilize abundant and cheap coal resources. The coal usage is without releasing large volumes of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There are four key policy recommendations that can enhance the widespread adoption of CCS in the United States. Firstly, the United States federal government should provide subsidies to enhance commercial scale CCS. The subsidies should cater for several approaches of geological storage. Though CCS can be a profitable venture, the government should provide assistance during the short term to illustrate the technology at commercial levels. The government support should also cover several costs, like expenses involved in independent monitoring of the CCS projects. Grants are needed to support the financing of the present PC plants that have the post combustion capture processes. The awards should cover only part of the expenses in the CCS projects; this is because the projects possess several factors that ensure economical benefits. For instance, accelerating state subsidies for the CCS

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay Example for Free

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay The politics of hegemony is an important area of political science. During the Pax Americana period – that is, after WWII – the United States is known to have helped the world establish economic order (Samuelson, 2006, p. A31). Moreover, the U. S. is known to have assisted other countries with economic aid and in reconstruction efforts, for example, with the well-known Marshall Plan (Hogan, 1989, p. 1-25). Heardon (2002) describes the United States as an architect of a new world order during the Second World War. Hence, it is important to comprehend the power of the U. S. in the light of various definitions of hegemony. The word, ‘hegemony,’ is known to have its roots in the Greek verb, â€Å"hegeisthai,† meaning â€Å"to lead† (â€Å"What is Hegemony,† 2007). In the ancient Greek civilization the term applied to leaders that were able to influence and exert a tremendous amount of control over groups of people. The hegemons had to be supported by at least one dominant group so as to keep the common people from rebelling against established leaders (â€Å"What is Hegemony†). Watson (2002) refers to two meanings of hegemony in International Relations: â€Å"One has to do with the distribution of power in a system. Not merely military force, but also technical and financial strength. The other meaning is the dominance of a particular idea or set of assumptions, such as economic liberalism and globalization (p. 1). † Certainly the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot be applied to a country that influences other countries, for example, the United States since the beginning of the Pax Americana period. The first definition of hegemony in International Relations, on the other hand, may aptly describe the power of the British Empire in the mid-nineteenth century, and of the United States during the period known as Pax Americana (Pigman, 1997, p. 186). Watson writes that the first definition is a â€Å"material condition† enabling a â€Å"great power, or a group of powers, or the great powers in a system acting collectively, to bring such great pressures and inducements to bear that most other states lose some of their freedom of action de facto, though not de jure (p. 1). † Also according to the author, the Western world’s hegemony in our times, and especially that of the United States, has aimed to alter the â€Å"internal behaviour† of other countries as well as societies (Watson, p. 1). The implications of change of â€Å"internal behaviour† induced by powerful countries combine the two definitions of hegemony in International Relations (Watson, p. 1). As an example, if the Western world, and especially the United States, manages to convert a large number of countries into believers in economic liberalism as well as globalization – these ideas proposed by hegemonic societies would be considered the dominant ones. Likewise, the Western world has its own ideas about human rights in addition the environment and the â€Å"standards of civilization,† which happen to be prominent today seeing that the world media is by and large controlled by the Western civilization (Watson, p. 1). All the same, the world at large has not adopted these ideas as their own, which suggests that the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot really be applied in our time. According to Ferguson (2003), hegemony of the United States during the period referred to as Pax Americana was based on four pillars. The first pillar was entirely economic, as the economy of the United States outperformed most of its competitors in the twentieth century. The second pillar of U. S. hegemony related to the country’s â€Å"power to advance multilateral, mutually balanced tariff reductions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (later the World Trade Organization) (Ferguson). † During the Kennedy Round negotiations of 1967, reductions in tariffs were achieved mainly due to pressures from the United States (Beck, 1970, p. 33-36). Pressures were exerted through â€Å"conditionality,† that is, the terms that the International Monetary Fund, based in Washington D. C. , applied to grant loans (Ferguson). The third pillar of U. S. hegemony may be understood by the way the U. S. dollar was presented by the U. S. government as a â€Å"key currency,† both â€Å"before and after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods institutions (Ferguson). † This allowed the U. S. to be â€Å"less restrained† than other nations as far as foreign investment and strategic policymaking were concerned (Ferguson). Subsequently, the world experienced the hegemony of the U. S. dollar, granting extensive privileges unto the United States (Ferguson; Paul, 2006). The fourth pillar, according to Ferguson, was the maintenance of hegemony by the United States through its ability to formally constitute an â€Å"alliance of states† – in other words, NATO – which was committed to the â€Å"containment of two rival superpowers (Ferguson). † In fact, the chief responsibility assumed by NATO has been to secure Europe and the United States against military attacks (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† 2008). If we were to believe that Pax Americana continues to this day, the conventional definition of hegemony in International Relations is enough to help us understand the period since 1945. After all, the United States has maintained its leadership position among the countries of the world by using its military power as well as economic and technological strength, despite the fact that its use of military force has been disapproved by many nations. (The very meaning of ‘Pax’ is ‘Peace’). Furthermore, even the recession of 2008 has not given the world a new leader dethroning the United States. Noam Chomsky believes that the current recession is not expected to end U. S. hegemony in any case (Rattansi, 2008). All the same, Antonio Gramsci’s definition of hegemony cannot explain the position of the U. S. from 1945 to 2008, seeing that this definition may only describe a leading nation that is respected by the subordinate groups for all its decisions (â€Å"Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks†). The fact that the United States’ decisions during the Vietnam War were not supported by the American public and the world at large confirm Wallerstein’s (2002) hypothesis that Pax Americana must have ended during the Vietnam War. Foster McChesney (2004) write that the end of the Vietnam War was the time when the mask of the American Empire was lifted. The period called Pax Americana was â€Å"revealed as imperialism pure and simple (Foster McChesney). † This is because the president of the United States could no longer explain the foreign policy of his nation as based on the â€Å"liberation of man† and the â€Å"survival of liberty (Foster McChesney). † Hence, Gramsci’s definition of Pax Americana may only explain the period between 1945 and the Vietnam War, when the United States was considered a helper and facilitator rather than a hostile imperialist nation. According to Gramsci, hegemony refers to political power flowing from moral, intellectual and political leadership as well as consensus or authority instead of military force. Thus, a ruling class may form as well as maintain hegemony in a civil society by the creation of political and cultural consensus using political parties, unions, media, schools, the church, and various other kinds of voluntary organizations that exercise hegemony over social groups in addition to â€Å"allied classes (Hainsworth, 2000). † These organizations of persons, the media, as well as information that flows from them control the behaviour and thinking of the people by presenting them with â€Å"dominant ideologies,† thereby creating â€Å"a state of domination (Hainsworth). † Moreover, the leading class may hold greater power over the people than the government, according to Gramsci. Besides, all decisions made by the leading class must be democratic in nature. In particular, the subordinate groups should agree with the leading class in matters of economic development as well as legislation, seeing that the people are significantly affected by decisions in these areas. The leading class is allowed by the people to use force against hostile groups. Just the same the force used by the leading class should not exceed the consent of the people (â€Å"Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks†). The work of the United States during the period, 1945 to the Vietnam War, may definitely be understood in the light of Gramsci’s definition of hegemony. U. S. financiers and corporations along with the U. S. government formed the leading class, with the financiers and corporations playing a major role and the government simply voicing their interests through new plans and negotiations with the rest of the world. The role played by the U. S. government on behalf of the ruling class, that is, the financiers and corporations, is comparable to the present role of the media. All the same, it is obvious that the functions of the United States during Pax Americana – if it is believed to be the period, 1945-Vietnam War – were entirely democratic. As a matter of fact, the ideologies of the United States during this period were almost entirely accepted by the rest of the world. The U. S. continued to foster enmity with the Soviet Union. Even so, the subordinate groups did not disagree with this stance of the United States. As the U. S. promoted anticommunist ideologies, subordinate classes preferred them to communist ideologies. Thus, the United States had managed to dominate almost the entire world with its moral, intellectual, and political ideologies. References Beck, R. H. (1970). The Changing Structure of Europe: Economic, Social, and Political Trends. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Ferguson, N. (2003, Sep-Oct). Hegemony or Empire? Foreign Affairs. Foster, J. B. , McChesney, R. W. (2004, Sep). The American Empire: Pax Americana or Pox Americana. Monthly Review. Frequently Asked Questions. (2008, Jun 11). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://www. nato. int/issues/faq/index. html. Hainsworth, S. (2000, May 17). Gramsci’s Hegemony Theory and the Ideological Role of the Mass Media. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://www. cultsock. ndirect. co. uk/MUHome/cshtml/contributions/gramsci2. html. Hearden, P. J. (2002). Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order during World War II. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://socserv2. mcmaster. ca/soc/courses/soc2r3/gramsci/gramheg. htm.

Impact of Microorganisms Research

Impact of Microorganisms Research Jordan Phillips Microorganisms are essential to human existence on the planet Microorganisms play a crucial role in human existence across a whole range of different aspects. The human body, both inside and out is covered in millions of microorganisms, which help to protect us from infection from harmful microbes (Microbiology, 17). They help to digest our food, have significant roles within the decomposition of waste, are involved in both carbon and nitrogen cycles, within the food industry, human digestive system, agricultural pest control and also genetics. Microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle prove that these are not only beneficial for humans, but plants as well, including diazotrophs, which have developed a symbiotic relationship. An example of this is rhizobium present in nodules on legume roots, which through nitrogen fixation enables the plant to flourish within nitrogen deficient earth. Of the three stages of the nitrogen cycle, microorganisms are crucial, nitrosomonas and nitrosococcus convert ammonium ions into nitrate, then during nitrification, nitrobacter converts nitrate to nitrate in the first stage. Secondly denitrification occurs and pseudomonas denitrificans reduces nitrate into nitrogen gas. In the final stage nitrogen fixation occurs whereby diazotrophs reduce nitrogen from air into ammonia, which is then utilized by plants to synthesize DNA and amino acids (Biology, 1999). Mycorrhizal fungi also forms a symbiotic relationship with the root of a plant and enables fungal hyphae to increase surface area which allows the plant roots to take in and absorb more nutrients, which in turn benefits fungi as they gain essential sugars produced during photosynthesis (Le, 17). Within the carbon cycle microorganisms play a vital role, whereby autotrophic bacteria such as cyanobacteria synthesise organic molecules using COÂ ² from the atmosphere, and is then used by other organisms which then release oxygen for human respiration. As microorganisms act as decomposers, they are vital components of the food chain, aiding in breaking down dead organisms and organic materials, and then releasing minerals for uptake by living organisms and releasing COÂ ² back into the atmosphere to then be consumed by photosynthetic organisms (khan, 17). Methanogens influence the carbon cycle by converting COÂ ² to methane, then releasing it into the atmosphere increasing methane concentration, and in contrast methanotrophs consume methane from the atmosphere which in turn leads to a decrease of greenhouse gas and global warming (edu, 2017) In the food industry, especially in the production of dairy products microorganisms are extremely beneficial to humans. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophiles convert lactose from milk into lactic acid, which then causes milk to coagulate during fermentation, forming yoghurt. Probiotic yoghurt is now widely sold to help maintain the balance of microbial flora and prevent the growth of pathogens within our gut. Microbes like yeast which aid the process of baking bread, brewing alcohol and food preservation are also a mainstay within our diet (Hofkin, 2010). Fusarium graminearum, which is a type of fungus has been developed into a meat substitute which is used in daily diets worldwide (Botany, 2017). The fermentation of milk due to lactic acid bacteria causes milk to coagulate and form a curd, and additional organisms are then added to form various types of cheese, for example penicillium camaberti is added to produce camembert (Hofkin, 2010). The human digestive system includes many different forms of friendly bacteria which are vital in terms of the metabolism of food, the production of enzymes and vitamins to help aid digestion, for example ß-galactosidase, amylase. They also help in getting rid of disease causing microorganisms and the regulation of intestinal acidity. None pathogenic bacteria like lactobacillus form symbiotic relationships with most multicellular organisms which are essential to the maintenance of human health by ensuring any pathogenic bacteria is prevented from growing and aids in our immune system at the same time. Microorganisms which exist in ruminants digestive systems are used as a source of amino acids, but also help to break down cellulose into monosaccharaides, releasing useable energy (Vet, 17). In agricultural pest control, bacillus thuringiensis produce BT-toxin, with is lethal to insects upon ingestion, but non-pathogenic to humans and animals. This toxin is genetically engineered into crops to increase yield. Certain viruses are also microbial bio pesticides and baculovriruses, which can specifically target caterpillars by releasing nucleosaspids which ultimately causes death upon ingestion. Overall microorganisms are highly efficient within pest control without any huge environmental side effects (Insa, 17) Upon further study of microbes genetics, it has enabled us to develop uses within genetic engineering, for instance gene cloning and has created huge benefits within the biotechnological industry. Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and bacteriophages act as cloning vectors to transfer a specific sequence of gene into the plasmid of a bacterial cell by using restriction enzymes, which purpose is to bind to the inverted palindrome within both the chromosomal and vector DNA, which cleaves the DNA and produces sticky ends. These are the joined together by DNA ligase and forming a recombinant DNA which is then used to transform the bacteria host cell and can then be induced to produce protein which certain genes encode as the vector is replicated and divided ultimately producing new cells. Proteins from recombinant technology can be used to manufacture medicines, synthetic vaccines, amongst other vital substances like insulin. The application of microorganisms within the medical ind ustry is hugely beneficial to human health (Hofkin, 2010) References (17, 02 05). Retrieved from Microbiology: http://microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/microbes-and-the-human-body (17, 02 05). Retrieved from khan: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/biogeochemical-cycles/a/the-carbon-cycle (17, 02 06). Retrieved from Vet: http://www.vet.ed.ac.uk/clive/cal/RUMENCAL/Frames/frmRumen.html (17, 02 06). Retrieved from Insa: http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol80_2014_2_Art27.pdf (2017, 02 05). Retrieved from edu: http://www.vet.ed.ac.uk/clive/cal/rumencal/Info/infMeth.html (2017, 02 05). Retrieved from Botany: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/aug2005.html Biology. (1999). Benjamin Cummings. Hofkin, B. (2010). Living in a microbial world. New mexico: Garland. Le. (17, 02 05). Retrieved from https://www.le.ac.uk/se/centres/sci/selfstudy/eco7.htm

Hysteria :: essays research papers

Hysteria is a very unique and abnormal mental disease. What makes it so interesting is that it causes physical symptoms that someone would not normally experience. “Mental conflicts are unconsciously converted to symptoms that appear to be physical, but for which no organic cause is found';(Hysteria 1). One major outburst of hysteria occurred in 1692, resulting in the deaths of twenty-four innocent lives. “By the time hysteria had spent itself, twenty-four people had died';(TWHSTSV 2). This type of hysteria was mass hysteria, where a group of people are in a frenzy as opposed to just one individual. Evidently, hysteria is a very serious disease and has the potential to cause many avoidable deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mass hysteria is a frenzy that has the potential to effect an entire community, state or possibly even country or nation. “[It is] a condition where a group of people dash about wildly, screaming and sometimes talking as if another person is in them; experiencing rapid breathing, spasms of extremities or even fainting';(Hayes 1). In some ways, it can be look on as a chain reaction. “It is often caused by new problems that worsen existing difficulties';(TWHSTSV 2). When one person sees another running about wildly and finds out what the cause is, he or she will do the same; until eventually the idea spreads to the entire population. Some problems that cause these are “overly strict regulations, lack of open communication between the authorities and the residents, as well as inadequate healthy recreational outlets';(Hayes 1). All these issues are things that if performed, can help prevent or calm an outbreak of mass hysteria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Salem Witch Trials, the “existing difficulties'; that led up to the witchcraft theory were ordinary stresses of seventeenth century life in Massachusetts. These include “a strong belief in the devil, factions among Salem Village fanatics and rivalry with nearby Salem Town, a recent small pox epidemic and the threat of attack by warring tribes';(D’Amario 1). All these issues led to rising fear and suspicion. “Soon prisons were filled with more that 150 men surrounding Salem; their names had been ‘cried out’ by tormented young girls as the cause of their pain. All would await trial for a crime punishable by death, the practice of witchcraft';(D’Amario 1). Many theories exist as to why these girls behaved as they did and caused the witchcraft hysteria. One theory states: “they had eaten bread contaminated with a hallucinogenic fungus';(TWHSTSV 2), which supposedly caused them to act as they did.

Technology The End Of Mankind :: essays research papers

Technology: The End of Mankind TECHNOLOGY The human race is slowly, but surely, contributing to its own demise. This sub-conscious suicide is being carried out in more than one way, but the most apparent one is technology. Technology is advancing at a pace so rapid that it will eventually lead to the self-extinction of the human race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most current and pressing issue that falls into this category is the infamous Y2K bug. This is the virus that is going to cause every computer in operation to go haywire when the year 2000 comes around. Some of the things will be effected by this are personal computers, ATM’s, air traffic control and street and traffic lights. Even if none of these theories pan out, the hype alone that is being created by the media is predicted to cause enough chaos and pandemonium by itself. In a recent survey, it was proven that over 50% of the American people are afraid of the bug and what it will do. If this matter is not addressed soon it will be responsible for many casualties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another branch of technology that has caused casualties in the past and is bound to cause many more in the future is weapons. The weapon that has had the most impact is the gun. It has killed millions, not only in wars, but in everyday life as well. In addition, there is the atomic bomb that killed thousands at Hiroshima. More recently there is the nuclear missile that is capable of wiping out an entire major city. Moreover, there are many inventions that have been built with the intent to improve life only to repeatedly take it away from people. Some such inventions are cars, planes and nuclear power plants. Something must be done to hinder the advancement of technology in these areas before we are all dead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, technology is the biggest source of pollution. This pollution poses the largest threat of all to the world. Not only will it eventually lead to a genocide of the entire human race, but it is destroying everything else on the planet. The increase in the population has compounded this effect leading to more cars on the road and more waste, hence, more pollution. If pollution keeps up at this rate something bad is going to happen. Everyone will die of either cancer, due to holes in the ozone, starvation, because all of the animals were wiped out by pollution, or some other illness obtained from contaminated food and water. Technology The End Of Mankind :: essays research papers Technology: The End of Mankind TECHNOLOGY The human race is slowly, but surely, contributing to its own demise. This sub-conscious suicide is being carried out in more than one way, but the most apparent one is technology. Technology is advancing at a pace so rapid that it will eventually lead to the self-extinction of the human race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most current and pressing issue that falls into this category is the infamous Y2K bug. This is the virus that is going to cause every computer in operation to go haywire when the year 2000 comes around. Some of the things will be effected by this are personal computers, ATM’s, air traffic control and street and traffic lights. Even if none of these theories pan out, the hype alone that is being created by the media is predicted to cause enough chaos and pandemonium by itself. In a recent survey, it was proven that over 50% of the American people are afraid of the bug and what it will do. If this matter is not addressed soon it will be responsible for many casualties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another branch of technology that has caused casualties in the past and is bound to cause many more in the future is weapons. The weapon that has had the most impact is the gun. It has killed millions, not only in wars, but in everyday life as well. In addition, there is the atomic bomb that killed thousands at Hiroshima. More recently there is the nuclear missile that is capable of wiping out an entire major city. Moreover, there are many inventions that have been built with the intent to improve life only to repeatedly take it away from people. Some such inventions are cars, planes and nuclear power plants. Something must be done to hinder the advancement of technology in these areas before we are all dead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, technology is the biggest source of pollution. This pollution poses the largest threat of all to the world. Not only will it eventually lead to a genocide of the entire human race, but it is destroying everything else on the planet. The increase in the population has compounded this effect leading to more cars on the road and more waste, hence, more pollution. If pollution keeps up at this rate something bad is going to happen. Everyone will die of either cancer, due to holes in the ozone, starvation, because all of the animals were wiped out by pollution, or some other illness obtained from contaminated food and water.

WHAT I HAD TO DO: We had to create a program that would read the users :: Computer Science

WHAT I HAD TO DO: We had to create a program that would read the users input, process it and display the results. HOW I CREATED THE PROGRAM: For this tutorial I used lblrpompt, txttemperature, cmdctof, cmdftoc, and cmdexit. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN INTRODUCTION I have been asked to prepare a personal report that addresses my approach to learning and provides a reflective account of my experiences, of carrying out a series of programming activities. The report that I will be creating is a reflection upon my collective and collaborative activities, working in a group. WEEK 3 INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING AND VISUAL BASIC DIGITAL CLOCK 11th to 17th October WHAT I HAD TO DO: We had to interactively design a digital clock program. The program had to be designed in a way for objects to respond to events. HOW I CREATED THE PROGRAM I used a label to display the system time in, as the requirement was to program objects to respond to events. I used a label called lblToday because labels are containers for programs-generated messages. They have properties such as name, caption, font etc. I defined my label with the name lblToday so that I could show the correct date at the time at runtime by typing out the instruction lblToday.Caption=Time$. As the time would not change if I displayed the time on form_load I had to find an object from the tool box which looked like a clock and then I put it onto my form. I then changed the interval property to 1000, this was to indicate 1000 milliseconds. I also did this for the default event for the time object and then displayed the time in my label. MY PROBLEMS AND HOW I OVERCAME THEN Designing a digital clock program using visual basic was a very challenging but interesting task for me as I had never come across using visual basic. At first I found it a bit of a struggle to get used the program and how to use it appropriately. Even though the notes that were given were quite clear and when I read them I thought that creating the program would be easy, however when I put the notes into practice I found it quite hard. The task was quite confusing especially the coding and getting it correct, because if there was even a slight error the program would not run successfully. Another problem I faced whilst designing this program was that when I put the timer onto the form and ran the program the timer would not display correctly. So in order to solve my problems I consulted my group and

Factors to Determine Ethical Behavior Essay

Scott: I couldn’t agree more. And nowhere is this more evident than in corporate America. We see ethics at play all the time, with Bernie Madoff and his Ponzi scheme, the Enron scandal, Exxon, BP, and many, many more examples. Ethical behavior can make or break a company. Diane: Sure, I remember people passing up Exxon stations after the Valdez accident several years ago; same with the BP oil spill. Boycotts against companies happen all the time if they forget they have to be good corporate citizens, in addition to turning a profit. Scott: I think the issue here, in a discussion of ethics though, is what determines ethical and unethical behavior. Can we give people any kind of a framework that might help to easily determine what is seen as correct behavior and what needs changing in a corporate setting? Diane: Of course! And while none of these ideas are foolproof, in general, they cover the majority of signs or problems to look out for and be aware of. You have to look at the individual employee’s stage of moral development, their individual characteristics, the structure of the company, the company culture and then look at how big the issue itself really is. Scott: Well, I’m interested in a few concepts that I’ve never really heard of before. Talk to us a little about â€Å"the stages of moral development.† Diane: Gladly. There are three levels inherent in moral development. You have the pre-conventional level, which deals with consequences from the outside dictating moral behavior†¦ Scott: So, an example might be my grandfather, who  always talked about the nuns who taught at his Catholic school breaking out the rulers. That would be pre-conventional, right? Diane: Exactly. It’s all about how outside punishment or reward affects the choices people make between what is right and what is wrong. Scott: So, if that’s pre-conventional, I’m betting that the second level is conventional, then. People just living up to the standards of society – what other people believe for the most part is right and wrong. Diane: That is it exactly, and that leads to the third level, which is the principled level. This is beyond responding to an outside stimulus or to our own notions of what others believe is right and wrong. At the principled level, people now look inside themselves and make a determination removed from all those other factors affecting what they believe is right or wrong behavior. Scott: Well, that does make a lot of sense. So then, what are the individual characteristics that can have an influence on moral behavior? Diane: Values and personality are the two things that govern these individual characteristics. A person’s individual values begin developing during childhood and continue to develop through experiences, discussions with other people and interactions with family, friends, teachers, religious figures, and others. A person’s value system is very broad and includes many different areas. Personality deals more with two specific ideas, that of ego strength and locus of control. Scott: Sure, ego strength influences a person’s convictions. If you have a high degree of ego strength, then moral convictions will be easier to hold. â€Å"Locus of control† isn’t a concept I’m too familiar with though. Diane: A person’s locus of control has to do with fate. Some people believe they have a lot of control in their lives, while others believe that things are left to the wind. Those who have an internal locus of control believe they are in control, while those who have an external locus are more apt to believe that things will happen to them because of fate or luck or mere happenstance. Scott: So I know we’ve talked before about how a company is structured; whether or not it is centralized or decentralized. That plays a significant role as well, correct? Diane: It does, very much so. The more hands touch something, the less likely it is that any strict controls put in place will stick. The less people you have managing a process, the more tightly the controls can be monitored. This of course would be inaccurate if you had, say, one person managing everything who was inherently unethical. Then there would be nobody to call them to account. The structure of a company is a significant factor in the ethical behavior put into practice. Scott: The ethical behavior of individuals is fascinating and all, but what about the ethical behavior of organizational culture? Some companies encourage transparency and ethical behavior at all times. They have realized that openness and honesty are good for the bottom line in the long run and ensure a strong core brand. Other companies may not overtly tell people to act unethically, but have individual â€Å"bad actors† inside the corporation who might encourage people to do things they shouldn’t. Diane: Exactly. And we all know examples of this. We hear about chemical companies dumping dangerous waste that contaminates ground water, about cigarette companies lying about how dangerous and addictive their product is, or about banks and the â€Å"robo-signing† scandal during the last recession. All of these activities, while not necessarily condoned by everyone across the enterprise, were OK’d by certain people within the corporation and seriously damaged the brands involved. Scott: And of course, this is where issue intensity is important, because while we don’t like to admit it, some unethical behaviors are worse or more impactful than others. While all unethical behavior should be avoided, dumping toxic chemicals into water that could kill thousands of people could arguably be seen as worse than, say, an employee who is skimming a few dollars here and there from a company. Both are bad, wrong, and can cause harm, but the characteristics  that determine issue intensity show us that there are indeed levels of unethical behavior, and they can determine the likelihood of this kind of behavior occurring in the future. Diane: And these characteristics – greatness of harm, consensus of wrong, probability of harm, immediacy of consequences, proximity to the victim, and concentration of effect – all play a role in determining when and why something unethical might occur. The less these factors play a role, the more likely for fraud or other unethical behavior to occur. If the victim isn’t seen, if the consequences are far in the future, or if the behavior only affects one person, the possibility for unethical behavior is likely to see a jump. Scott: And to talk more about this, we’d like to welcome to the show Scott Hyder, attorney at law. Diane: Hello Scott – welcome to our show. Let me ask you, how does ethics play a part with respect to certain professions that require licensing to do business? Scott Hyder: Well, it’s incredibly important particularly in very regulated businesses such as businesses where you need a license. I’m an attorney and so every attorney has to follow a certain set of ethics guidelines regardless of the state that you’re in. Every state has passed very detailed ethical rules that are approved by the state’s Supreme Court and it’s not a matter of if, or a matter of choice, or just a matter of morals when following the ethical rules. It’s a matter about whether your license will be revoked if you don’t and many times you’re violating ethical rules unintentionally; it’s usually NOT an intentional  thing. It goes anywhere from disclosing client confidences to wrongful accounting practices, even if they are innocent mistakes. So, we really have to be careful as lawyers because if we don’t comply with these rules, all it takes is one client’s bar complaint to open up the flood gates. A client could complain about poor service from a lawyer, file a complaint with the state bar who regulates all lawyers but, by the end of the day, even if the client’s complaint about the service of the lawyer is frivolous, the attorney could be sanctioned for other unrelated things that become apparent as a result of the investigation. It’s very common, for example, for a complaint to be filed but ultimate charges are implemented that have to do with wrongful accounting practices, competence issues and if that kind of thing happens, your license can be suspended and if it’s very egregious, it can be revoked. Scott: Very interesting discussion, Scott, thank you so much for all your time. Diane: And thank you all of you listening. We’ve appreciated your time and hope that you’ve gained a great deal from this content. Scott: Until next time!

Literature history Essay

Wales is one of the most attractive tourism centres in the United Kingdom. The lush green countryside, the hills and the meadows, peaceful towns and neighbourhoods, more over the Welsh language are the important attracting features of this region. The Welsh language quite distinguished from the English language is very intriguing for the tourists. They feel strange to find such a fairytale language spoken in the homeland of English, though it is because of the common misconception that English is the native language of the entire British Isles. The Welsh people are a Celtic people who were predominant in the region before the Anglo-Saxon invasion. So there language and culture is quite different from the Anglo-Saxon language and culture. Many Welsh language adhering families through out the history have preserved Welsh literature. Recently a large and valuable collection of Welsh books has been disclosed for the first time for the public. The Myddleton family, which lived in the Chirk Castle, near Wrexham, had a large collection of Welsh books held away from the public eyes for centuries. The collection, which originally constituted 3,000 books currently, has 1827 books. The Chirk Castle has been opened for tourists for more than 30 years but these books were located in the private East wing of the castle. In the year 2004 the Myddleton family left the castle and the East wing of the castle was opened for the public for the first time thus making the book collection also public. One of the most remarkable books in the collection is a miniaturised copy of the first Welsh translation of the Bible. This book according to the historians has played a pivotal role in preserving the Welsh language throughout the centuries of English dominion. The books in the collection are dated back as far as early 16th Century. Many books have been well preserved and have their original bindings. The National Trust has started a campaign to show and interpret these books to tourist visiting the Chirk Castle and other stately tourist attraction. The trust hopes that this campaign will turn these valuable books into a constant tourist attraction.

The main idea behind use of biomimicry techniques

Biomimicry, also called bionics, is a new branch of science that explores natural designs and processes so as to transplant these ideas to finding solutions to human problems.The main idea behind use of biomimicry techniques is that â€Å"nature, imaginative by necessity, has already solved many of the problems we are grappling with†, and the organisms that survived to this day are the secret to success, in contrast to those that are buried as fossils (Benyus, n.d.).Scientists can discover the principles underlying natural phenomena to apply them later to design of human practices and products. The closer human society and production approaches nature, the closer is the goal of sustainable development.Biomimicry can help solve a number of problems in the most diverse areas of science. One of those is the production of extra strong materials. In contrast to humans that use the â€Å"heat, beat, and treat† for this purpose, nature makes tough stuff like collagen and bone from natural materials within the body.The spider’s web is in fact much more enduring than regular steel and produced of inexpensive materials in an environmentally friendly way. Knowledge of how humanity can copycat the spider’s work would help people make fiber in the same way would produce a revolution in the industry. The same is true of the proposal to introduce natural agricultural systems that would replace traditional annuals with plant cultures indigenous to the territory that would supply the land with natural fertilizers if allowed to overwinter.Biomimicry can alter the way we categorize living species. As of today, most biologists follow the traditional classification grouping organisms in accordance with their origin. A cow and a dolphin are placed in the same class of mammals even though they have a completely different habitat and adaptation mechanisms.From the bionic perspective, animals and other species that have similar adaptive mechanisms and employ similar processes can be grouped together so that their special features can be evaluated and studied by scholars. Under this perspective, dolphins can be grouped together with fish so that their methods of moving under water can be investigated effectively.Biomimicry would mean that humans would get strengthened grip over their evolutionary development. No longer would humanity be in conflict with nature, trying to re-shape it in its own way. All things produced and lifestyle would become less artificial and more natural.The greatest advancement would come from the application of biomimicry techniques in medicine where it is used in â€Å"replacement or enhancement of organs or other body parts by mechanical versions† that differ from regular â€Å"prostheses by mimicking the original function very closely, or even surpassing it† (Wikipedia, 2006).Examples include the cochlear implant intended for people with hearing impairments, artificial hearts, respirocyte, a red cell designed with the help of nanotechnologies, and a silicon retina functioning like the human one (Wikipedia, 2006). Looking at these technologies, one can draw the conclusion that human species can now control its own evolution in the way no other species had ever been able. Relying on scientific technologies to reproduce natural processes and designs, humans can correct â€Å"failures† of nature for disabled and sick individuals, helping them return to normal life.The use of biomimicry has important implications for pharmaceutical companies. They can now produce new, improved medication mimicking the designs and techniques used by nature. Exploring sharks, anemones, and other animals, scientists have discovered that â€Å"mrine creatures, which live surrounded by pathogens in the sea, are full of novel defenses† (Benyus, n.d.). Following nature in the composition of new drugs, pharmacologists can re-create this natural variety by creating medication that will mir ror these natural products and help humans in the same way.Natural substances are often the best solutions to human problems since they are applied in nature to heal and cure. As stated above, organisms that were inefficient in their design and failed to develop reliable ways to deal with diseases are long gone, after they had been shoved to the sidelines of the evolution. Those that survived can offer humanity reliable ways to fight with disease.Many pharmaceutical companies have recognized the emergence of new opportunities to improve their offerings. The Danish pharmaceutical company Novosymes that leads in industrial enzymes and microorganisms is one of the pioneers in this area. Production of enzymes for many other industries contributes to the manufacturing of â€Å"laundry detergents, bread, olive oil, wine and even the turf on the local golf course† (Fried, 2004).For example, in the detergent manufacturing it makes sense to use enzymes because they perform better than regular cleaning substances. Enzymes that are present in virtually every living organism are basically â€Å"biodegradable proteins that speed up all vital biological processes† (Fried, 2004). Growing organisms such as bacteria and fungi, Novozymes tries to identify organisms that produce a high amount of enzymes. In fact, scholars even combine microorganisms relying on DNA sequences to produce new enzymes.Thus, the use of biomimicry in pharmaceutical business and other corporate environments allows companies to better meet the needs of their customers and grant human beings greater control over their lives. This does not mean that companies using biomimicry techniques will be controlling human lives. However, by imitating nature, they will hopefully be able to make human society more sustainable and economic growth and technologies more balanced and environmentally friendly.ReferencesBenyus, J. Biomimicry. Retrieved August 7, 2006, from www.biomimicry.netFried, R. (2004). A Business Built on Biomimicry. Retrieved August 7, 2006, from http://www.tidepool.org/original_content.cfm?articleid=120228Wikipedia. (2006). Bionics. Retrieved August 7, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicry

Importance of EPF Essay

In general, the EPF Board may authorize the withdrawal of the sum of money standing to the credit of a member, if it is satisfied that, The member has died, Has attained the age of 55 yrs, Member is physically or mentally incapacitated from engaging in employment or The member not being a Malaysian citizen is about to leave Malaysia with no intention of returning. In partial withdrawal, Ss. 54; EPF Board also may also authorize application to withdraw partial amount standing to the credit of the member; attained the age of 50 yrs, Has purchased or built a house, Has purchased or built a house and has taken a loan made on the security of a charge on the house for its purchase or construction or Requires medical financing. In Account I, it consists of 60% of all contributions for the purpose of retirement at the age of 55 yrs while in account 2; it consists of 40% of all contributions for housing withdrawal or withdrawal at the age of 50 yrs. Under Current Scheme of Withdrawal, Pre retirement consists Housing withdrawal scheme, Withdrawal upon reaching 50 yrs old and Medical withdrawal. Upon Retirement consists lump sum withdrawal, periodic withdrawal and withdraw a portion of the savings in a lump sum and the balance periodically. In withdrawal to purchase a house, this withdrawal allows you to withdraw your Account 2 savings to finance the purchase of a house. Withdrawal to purchase a second house is allowed after the first house is sold or disposal of ownership of property has taken place. Disposal of ownership refers to ‘loss of ownership of the first house owned through previous EPF withdrawal’ either due to auction, surrender of property by court order, transfer of ownership because of love and affection, destruction of house due to natural disaster, abandoned housing project or cancellation of purchase. The application eligibility is either a Malaysian Citizen; OR a Malaysian Citizen who has made Leaving the Country Withdrawal before 1 August 1995 and has opted to re-contribute to the EPF; OR a Non-Malaysian Citizen who: has become an EPF member before 1 August 1998; OR has obtained a Permanent Resident status (PR). The applicant have not reached 55 years of age at the time the EPF receives your application; AND have at least RM500.00 of savings in Account 2. The applicant are eligible to apply if buy or build a residential house (type: bungalow / terrace / semi-detached / apartment / condominium / studio apartment / service apartment / townhouse / SOHO) or a shop lot with residential unit. The purchase is financed through: Housing loan from any of the institutions as follows: Financial Institutions licensed under the Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 (BAFIA) Central / State government or any other government financial agencies Member’s employers Cooperatives / Cooperative Companies with license (approved by Malaysian Cooperative Commission, Ministry of Entrepreneur and Co-operative Development) Licensed insurance companies approved by the Central Bank of Malaysia Loan providers allowed by the EPF OR (ii) Cash purchase. You have signed the Sale and Purchase agreement of not more than three (3) years at the time your application is received by EPF. You have never made a Housing Withdrawal; OR you have made a withdrawal to purchase your first house and have sold the house or disposal of ownership has taken place and subsequently buy a second house. Proof of sale / disposal of ownership of the first house must be submitted. You intend to buy a house which has been acquired from a rental with a view of purchase agreement from a party authorised by EPF. You have bought a land and built a house on the same land simultaneously (dates of the agreement to purchase the land and the agreement to construct the house must be within 6 months). You are not eligible to apply if you: Buy a land or a house lot only, Renovate, repair or do additional work to the existing house, Ownership of property is not via sale and purchase transaction, Have taken an overdraft loan, Buy a third house or Buy a house abroad You can withdraw your savings as follows: HOUSE PURCHASE OWNED BY INDIVIDUAL JOINT PURCHASE WITH SPOUSE OR IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBER OR OTHER INDIVIDUAL The difference between the house price with the loan amount and an additional 10% of the house price OR All your savings in Account 2. (Whichever is lower but not less than RM500.00) The difference between the house price with the loan amount and an additional 10% of the house price OR All the savings in each purchaser’s Account 2 subject to the maximum amount eligible for withdrawal. (Whichever is lower but not less than RM500.00) 100% HOUSING LOAN PURCHASE WITHOUT LOAN / CASH PURCHASE 10% of the house price OR All your savings in Account 2. (Whichever is lower but not less than RM500.00) House price with an additional 10% of the house price OR All your savings in Account 2. (Whichever is lower but not less than RM500.00) You may choose to decide on the amount to withdraw from your Account 2, subject to the maximum amount eligible by filling in the desired amount in the Housing Withdrawal Form (KWSP 9C) (AHL). You may have made a housing withdrawal previously but have cancelled the purchase of the house. In this situation, the withdrawal amount need not be returned. The current eligible amount will be deducted from the amount previously withdrawn subject to the eligible balance (if any). Failure to Return the Unused Amount for Withdrawal Purpose If the applicant does not use the withdrawal payment for the purpose of the withdrawal is made, the applicant is considered as has committed an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine not exceeding RM2,000.00 or to both [Section 58A,  EPF Act 1991 (Amendment) 2007]. Incorrect or False Declaration or Furnishing False Documents If the applicant provides incorrect or false declaration or furnishes false documents, the applicant is considered as has committed an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years or to a fine not exceeding RM10,000.00 or to both [Section 59, EPF Act 1991 (Amendment) 2007]. Payment in Malaysia All withdrawal payments will be credited directly into your account subject to the following: a. You have an account with a panel bank appointed by EPF; AND b. Your account is still active; AND c. Your bank account is a Savings / Current Account (personal) OR Joint Account for withdrawal amount of more than RM100,000.00. d. Your identification number matches with the bank’s record. e. Payment is made in Ringgit Malaysia (RM). However, if the payment cannot be credited into member’s bank account due to causes such as bank account is not active or your identification number does not match with the bank’s record, payment will be made via banker’s cheque. (ii) Remittance of Payment to Foreign Countries   Payment is made via Foreign Bank Draft. Types of currencies are as follows: Foreign currency as per member’s choice stated in the application form subject to the currency is available in EPF’s list for the purpose of payment via Foreign Bank Draft; OR In US Dollar if the currency stated by the member in the withdrawal form is not available in EPF’s list for the purpose of payment via Foreign Bank Draft Note: EPF will make a verification with the member again if the type of currency chosen in the application form is not available in the allowed list or before changing the type of currency to US Dollar.

Analysis of Article about Aspects of the Media Essay

Analysis of Article about Aspects of the Media - Essay Example The two articles argue that in most cases, the content that is produced by the media is bias. This is the main point that the two articles seek to make. The claims that are made in the articles are however very different. Feldman is of the opinion that media bias has come up in recent years and as such, the consumer is now exposed to biased content as opposed to earlier years when the media had a tradition of ensuring objectivity in their reporting. Bias is, therefore, a product of contemporary media. Boring, however, is of the opinion that the media has never at any point tried to avoid bias, and has indeed always promoted it. According to him, bias is in the nature of media from the beginning. The two writers do agree that there is a presence of bias in the media. However, the article by Feldman asserts that the bias that is in the media news and reports is over and that the audience that is the consumer of this news is more likely to perceive host bias as well as story bias in the opinionated news of the media that they perceive in the non-opinionated news. The article by Boreing, on the other hand, promotes the opinion that the bias in the content of the media is in such a way that the consumer does not notice it as it is geared towards influencing his thoughts and actions. The two writers disagree on different points. The main point of disagreement is on when biased reporting in the media began. Boreing asserts that right from the beginning; the media has always been biased and has never actually made any attempts at objectivity. Feldman, on the other hand, suggests that bias in the media has come up in recent times as a result of changes in the presentation style of the cable news that has seen the news depart from the tradition of being objective. Lack of objectivity in the media is, therefore, a recent phenomenon according to Feldman. The lack of objectivity in the media according to Feldman has been promoted by the use of the cable news. This has seen the rise in the expression of explicit personal opinions and bias in the news coverage.  

Assessing Other Educators' Attitudes Toward Students' Families Essay

Assessing Other Educators' Attitudes Toward Students' Families - Essay Example As a parent, I would definitely want my child to improve in studies and as a person. My child cannot enhance his studies, if he does not get proper support from the teacher. I would expect the teacher to enquire to my child, what kind of love and affection he/she is getting from the parents. A teacher needs to understand the role of a parent in a child’s life and both teacher and a parent being mature people need to communicate with each other. A teacher cannot be a one side person as they need to look at a student’s life from all dimensions. Some parents are illiterate, ignorant and abusive and this can affect a student adversely. In such a case, a teacher needs to take initiative from their side and counsel the parents. As a principal it is really disheartening to know that the teacher of our school is behaving unprofessionally. I have lot of hope from my staff and as a teacher it is their duty to understand the role of parent in grooming a child. A student alone cannot mold a student, thy need help and support both from teacher and parents. So as a teacher, it is essential for them to look at how a parent is behaving with a child to keep them in social order. It is not appreciative of this teacher to ignore the obligation in counseling a parent on the proper way to bring up a child. A teacher need not be selfish, as it is a profession which needs a co-operative, warm and selfless heart. As a principal I am seeing this attitude of the teacher as discouraging and selfish. A teacher needs to give attention to a child very closely and needs to analyze them from all perspective. As a principal, I realize that this teacher needs advice and education from me about right professional concept of a teacher. The teacher has not understood that, he/she need to perceive a student as a person and has roots to home and parents. A parent reflects a lot of behavior and beliefs

Management and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Management and Leadership - Essay Example This essay discusses and analyzes the importance of corporate social responsibility and personal values such as instrumental and terminal values, ten ethical principles of such corporations, corporate philanthropy and others learnt during the management class. These concepts described in th essay are applied and incorporated in the answers to different questions of the case â€Å"The Housewife Who Got up off the Couch†. In the case â€Å"The Housewife who got up the Couch†, the concept of enlightened self-interest becomes evident when Eleanor Josaitis started supporting Martin Luther King and human rights activists. The researcher have concluded in the essay that the terminal values of Eleanor Josaitis are ‘a comfortable life, ‘a sense of accomplishment’, ‘a world at peace’, ‘Equality’, ‘Freedom’, ‘Happiness’ and ‘Social Recognition’. The researcher also describes the work of Focus: Hope organization with more than 500 employees and a large pool of volunteers who value altruism and philanthropy and who are involved in self-sacrifice for the sake of humanity. In addition, it is stated that ethics and moral behavior is, however, essential to reach the pinnacle of success because it always pays in the long run. Whereas, to conclude those who pay more attention to short-term gains through crimes and violation of ethical principles suffer losses like the great Martha Stewart whose indulgence in ‘insider trading scandal’ dilapidated her career and her phenomenal business achievements.

Public History Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public History Project - Essay Example The paper will explore various aspects of this museum and its significance in providing to us the historical context of American Civil War in relation to abolition of slavery in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freedom House Museum is situated in the state of Alexandria in United States. It is based on the building that was originally possessed by a trading firm that used to deal in slaves. It was back in 1800’s when this company came into being to fulfill the requirements of people who wanted to own slaves for money. The slaves were basically Blacks who were deprived of any right to claim their freedom and were thus treated as slaves by birth. It was the result of the lack of realization of basic human rights in that era. The slavery had been started from 1706 with the advent of trade with Africans. The Africans were forced to the other areas where people purchased them on account of money. However, the advent of domestic slavery took place in 1860’s where natives Amer icans were being held captives. Not only adult men and women were enslaved but children were also being kept as slaves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The historians have narrated various incidents, which shed light on the type of treatment slaves had to go through. The people visiting Freedom House Museum can witness the artifacts providing an overview of the life of slaves before the start of Civil War in America. The people bought as slaves were treated worse than animals and were whipped often. There was no difference being considered among the enslavement of an adult and a child. In a book, ‘Slavery and the Making of America’, the author throws light on the pathetic life of slaves by narrating heartrending tales by slaves themselves. The book describes the torture the Black slaves had to undergo that was based on occasional beating, chaining down with other severe punishments that were being imposed on a minor mistake committed by the slave. The slaves were forced to do a ny kind of work their master assigned them and were not appreciated for their work. Instead, it was considered their duty to please their master without questioning anyone about their slavery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The slaves were used for various purposes among which using them as laborers to work in fields or other jobs was a common practice by Americans. They were also made to construct buildings that were basically the earliest ones to be constructed. Moreover, there was a high demand of slaves for working in cotton fields which was met by the slave trading firms that provided domestic slaves on payment of money. Nearly 1000 slaves were being sold by a trading firm by Franklin and Armfield in a year. In the museum, there are numerous artifacts with pictures of the owners of slave trading firm. There are heavy iron shackles as well that were used to chain down the slaves. The area brings to one’s mind the sad aspects of history where the value of a human being was lesser than an animal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While going through the Freedom House Museum, one gets an insight into the history of US Civil War as well which was caused to end slavery from America. Abraham Lincoln once the president of America is credited with the abolition of slavery who initiated a campaign to end the enslavement of Blacks. A civil war came into place from 1861 to 1865 that resulted in the deaths of thousands of militants and innocent civilians. The Northern America succeeded in civil war that was